Ovo je drugi dio mojih GNU/Linux bilješki koje prate moj aktuelni Udemy Linux LPIC-1 Certification Course Exam 101-102 kurs. Ove bilješke pokrivaju Standard Input/Output gdje sam imao priliku raditi sa manipulacijom datoteka koristeći komande tail i head.
1. The command read is used to read from a file descriptor. Here's a quick sample.
# read ME
# echo 'This is a ME file' > ME
# echo $ME
In the above sample, ME file has been created. Afterwards, using echo command, a sample text was written into a ME file. Using echo command, we can display the ME file content in bash prompt.
2. In the following sample, the content of a file output.txt is passed to previously created ME file.
# read ME < output.txt
# echo $ME
# This is a newly created file
Note: The read command can only read the first line of a file.
3. We can pass a content of directory into a file using the following command.
# ls /etc > output.txt
This command will display the content of /etc directory and save it into a output.txt file.
4. In order to send standard output error into a file, instead of screen, we can use the following command.
# ls sample.txt 2> error
This command try to list the content of a file sample.txt. Since this file does not exist, the error message: 'No such file or directory' is going to be stored into a error file.
5. The tail command outputs the last 10 lines of file. In order to monitore a file in realtime as it is being updated, we can use the following command.
# tail -f syslog.1
As each new log is added to a log file, tail updates it and display into terminal window. The -f option in tail command it telling to output appended data as the file grows.
6. To display last 15 line of a file, we can use the following command.
# tail -n 15 output.txt
Since we recently saved the content of a /etc directory into output.txt file, it will be robust to read it completely on bash prompt, therefore we tell the tail command to display only 15 last line of a file.
7. In order to append a content into a file using tail command, we can use double redirection signs >>. Here's the quick sample.
# tail -f error
# echo 'Testing tail append mode' >> error
Every time we heat the enter key on keyboard, the text from echo command shall be send into a error file, adding new lines of text.
8. The head command display the first 10 lines of a file, while tail command displays the 10 last lines of a file.
9. In order to display the first 5 lines of a file using the head command, we can use the following command.
# head -n 5 output
10. To display the last 5 lines of a output file, we use the following command.
# tail -n 5 output
Conclusion
This was my second part of ongoing Udemy Linux LPIC-1 course which I'm enrolled in. If you like my article, make sure to share it on to social network, leave a comment down bellow and I see you in third part, so soon.
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